Which ancient civilization is known for developing a written language and contributing to early mathematics and astronomy?

The Sumerians are recognized for their significant contributions to the development of a written language, known as cuneiform, which was one of the earliest forms of writing. This writing system emerged around 3100 BCE and was used for various purposes, including record-keeping, administration, and literature. In addition to their advancements in writing, the Sumerians made remarkable strides in mathematics and astronomy. They developed a base-60 number system, which is still apparent in how we measure time today (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour). Their observations of celestial bodies enabled them to create a calendar and understand seasonal changes, contributing to agricultural planning.

In contrast, while the Egyptians also had a form of written language (hieroglyphics) and made significant strides in mathematics and astronomy, the Sumerians were among the very first to develop these concepts in recorded history. The Aztecs, while advanced in their own rights, developed their civilization much later and were less focused on written language compared to the Sumerians. The Phoenicians are known for their contributions to trade and the development of the alphabet but did not particularly focus on mathematics or astronomy to the extent the Sumerians did. Thus, the S